Pronouns

What is a Pronoun?

In grammar, a pronoun is defined as a word or phrase that may be substituted for a noun or noun phrase, which once replaced, is known as the pronoun’s antecedent. How is this possible? In a nutshell, it’s because pronouns can do everything that nouns can do. A pronoun can act as a subject, direct object, indirect object, object of the preposition, and more.

Without pronouns, we’d have to keep on repeating nouns, and that would make our speech and writing repetitive, not to mention cumbersome. Most pronouns are very short words. Examples include:

    He

    She

    They

    It

    We

    Who

As mentioned, pronouns are usually used to replace nouns, however they can also stand in for certain adverbs, adjectives, and other pronouns. Anytime you want to talk about a person, animal, place or thing, you can use pronouns to make your speech or writing flow better.

Here are some examples:

    INSTEAD OF: Luma is a good athlete.

    She is a good athlete. (The pronoun she replaces Luma.)

    INSTEAD OF: The beans and tomatoes are fresh-picked.

    They are fresh-picked. (The pronoun they replaces the beans and tomatoes.)

Often a pronoun takes the place of a particular noun. This noun is known as the antecedent. A pronoun "refers to," or directs your thoughts toward, its antecedent.

    Let's call Luma and ask her to join the team. (Her is a pronoun; Luma is its antecedent.)

To find a pronoun's antecedent, ask yourself what that pronoun refers to. What does her refer to in the sentence above—that is, who is the her? The her in the sentence is Luma; therefore, Luma is the antecedent.

Types of Pronouns

Subjective Pronouns

Pronouns

A subjective pronoun acts as the subject of a sentence—it performs the action of the verb. The subjective pronouns are he, I, it, she, they, we, and you.

    He spends ages looking out the window.

    After lunch, she and I went to the planetarium.

Objective Pronouns

An objective pronoun acts as the object of a sentence—it receives the action of the verb. The objective pronouns are her, him, it, me, them, us, and you.

    Cousin Eldred gave me a trombone.

    Take a picture of him, not us!

Possessive Pronouns

A possessive pronoun tells you who owns something. The possessive pronouns are hers, his, its, mine, ours, theirs, and yours.

    The red basket is mine.

    Yours is on the coffee table.

Demonstrative Pronouns

A demonstrative pronoun points out a noun. The demonstrative pronouns are that, these, this, and those.

    That is a good idea.

    These are hilarious cartoons.

A demonstrative pronoun may look like a demonstrative adjective, but it is used differently in a sentence: it acts as a pronoun, taking the place of a noun.

Interrogative Pronouns

An interrogative pronoun is used in a question. It helps to ask about something. The interrogative pronouns are what, which, who, whom, and compound words ending in "ever," such as whatever, whichever, whoever, and whomever.

    What on earth is that?

    Who ate the last Fig Newton?

An interrogative pronoun may look like an interrogative adjective, but it is used differently in a sentence: it acts as a pronoun, taking the place of a noun.

Indefinite Pronouns

An indefinite pronoun refers to an indefinite, or general, person or thing. Indefinite pronouns include all, any, both, each, everyone, few, many, neither, none, nothing, several, some, and somebody.

    Something smells good.

    Many like salsa with their chips.

An indefinite pronoun may look like an indefinite adjective, but it is used differently in a sentence: it acts as a pronoun, taking the place of a noun.

Relative Pronouns

A relative pronoun introduces a clause, or part of a sentence, that describes a noun. The relative pronouns are that, which, who, and whom.

    You should bring the book that you love most.

That introduces "you love most," which describes the book.

    Hector is a photographer who does great work.

Who introduces "does great work," which describes Hector.

Reflexive Pronouns

A reflexive pronoun refers back to the subject of a sentence. The reflexive pronouns are herself, himself, itself, myself, ourselves, themselves, and yourselves. Each of these words can also act as an intensive pronoun (see below).

    I learned a lot about myself at summer camp. (Myself refers back to I.)

    They should divide the berries among themselves. (Themselves refers back to they.)

Intensive Pronouns

An intensive pronoun emphasizes its antecedent (the noun that comes before it). The intensive pronouns are herself, himself, itself, myself, ourselves, themselves, and yourselves. Each of these words can also act as a reflective pronoun (see above).

    I myself don't like eggs.

    The queen herself visited our class.

Pronoun Rules

There are a few important rules for using pronouns. As you read through these rules and the examples in the next section, notice how the pronoun rules are followed. Soon you’ll see that pronouns are easy to work with.

    Subject pronouns may be used to begin sentences. For example: We did a great job.

    Subject pronouns may also be used to rename the subject. For example: It was she who decided we should go to Hawaii.

    Indefinite pronouns don’t have antecedents. They are capable of standing on their own. For example: No one likes the sound of fingernails on a chalkboard.

    Object pronouns are used as direct objects, indirect objects, and objects of prepositions. These include: you, me, him, her, us, them, and it. For example: David talked to her about the mistake.

    Possessive pronouns show ownership. They do not need apostrophes. For example: The cat washed its whiskers.

Examples of Pronouns

In the following examples, the pronouns are italicized.

    We are going on vacation.

    Don’t tell me that you can’t go with us.

    Anybody who says it won’t be fun has no clue what they are talking about.

    These are terribly steep stairs.

    We ran into each other at the mall.

    I’m not sure which is worse: rain or snow.

    It is one of the nicest Italian restaurants in town.

    Richard stared at himself in the mirror.

    The laundry isn’t going to do itself.

    Someone spilled orange juice all over the countertop!

Subject-Verb Agreement

See the section on Plurals for additional help with subject-verb agreement!

1.The indefinite pronouns anyone, everyone, someone, no one, nobody are always singular and, therefore, require singular verbs.

    Everyone has done his or her homework.

    Somebody has left her purse.

Some indefinite pronouns — such as all, some — are singular or plural depending on what they're referring to. (Is the thing referred to countable or not?) Be careful choosing a verb to accompany such pronouns.

    Some of the beads are missing.

    Some of the water is gone.

On the other hand, there is one indefinite pronoun, none, that can be either singular or plural; it often doesn't matter whether you use a singular or a plural verb — unless something else in the sentence determines its number. (Writers generally think of none as meaning not any and will choose a plural verb, as in "None of the engines are working," but when something else makes us regard none as meaning not one, we want a singular verb, as in "None of the food is fresh.")

    None of you claims responsibility for this incident?

    None of you claim responsibility for this incident?

    None of the students have done their homework. (In this last example, the word their precludes the use of the singular verb.

2. Some indefinite pronouns are particularly troublesome Everyone and everybody (listed above, also) certainly feel like more than one person and, therefore, students are sometimes tempted to use a plural verb with them. They are always singular, though. Each is often followed by a prepositional phrase ending in a plural word (Each of the cars), thus confusing the verb choice. Each, too, is always singular and requires a singular verb.

    Everyone has finished his or her homework.

You would always say, "Everybody is here." This means that the word is singular and nothing will change that.

Each of the students is responsible for doing his or her work in the library.

Don't let the word "students" confuse you; the subject is each and each is always singular — Each is responsible.

3.Phrases such as together with, as well as, and along with are not the same as and. The phrase introduced by as well as or along with will modify the earlier word (mayor in this case), but it does not compound the subjects (as the word and would do).

    The mayor as well as his brothers is going to prison.

    The mayor and his brothers are going to jail.

4.The pronouns neither and either are singular and require singular verbs even though they seem to be referring, in a sense, to two things.

    Neither of the two traffic lights is working.

    Which shirt do you want for Christmas?

    Either is fine with me.

In informal writing, neither and either sometimes take a plural verb when these pronouns are followed by a prepositional phrase beginning with of. This is particularly true of interrogative constructions: "Have either of you two clowns read the assignment?" "Are either of you taking this seriously?" Burchfield calls this "a clash between notional and actual agreement."*

5.The conjunction or does not conjoin (as and does): when nor or or is used the subject closer to the verb determines the number of the verb. Whether the subject comes before or after e verb doesn't matter; the proximity determines the number.

    Either my father or my brothers are going to sell the house.

    Neither my brothers nor my father is going to sell the house.

    Are either my brothers or my father responsible?

    Is either my father or my brothers responsible?

Because a sentence like "Neither my brothers nor my father is going to sell the house" sounds peculiar, it is probably a good idea to put the plural subject closer to the verb whenever that is possible.

6.The words there and here are never subjects.

    There are two reasons [plural subject] for this.

    There is no reason for this.

    Here are two apples.

With these constructions (called expletive constructions), the subject follows the verb but still determines the number of the verb.

7.Verbs in the present tense for third-person, singular subjects (he, she, it and anything those words can stand for) have s-endings. Other verbs do not add s-endings.

    He loves and she loves and they love_ and

8.Sometimes modifiers will get betwen a subject and its verb, but these modifiers must not confuse the agreement between the subject and its verb.

The mayor, who has been convicted along with his four brothers on four counts of various crimes but who also seems, like a cat, to have several political lives, is finally going to jail.

9.Sometimes nouns take weird forms and can fool us into thinking they're plural when they're really singular and vice-versa. Consult the section on the Plural Forms of Nouns and the section on Collective Nouns for additional help. Words such as glasses, pants, pliers, and scissors are regarded as plural (and require plural verbs) unless they're preceded the phrase pair of (in which case the word pair becomes the subject).

    My glasses were on the bed.

    My pants were torn.

    A pair of plaid trousers is in the closet.

10.Some words end in -s and appear to be plural but are really singular and require singular verbs.

    The news from the front is bad.

    Measles is a dangerous disease for pregnant women.

On the other hand, some words ending in -s refer to a single thing but are nonetheless plural and require a plural verb.

    My assets were wiped out in the depression.

    The average worker's earnings have gone up dramatically.

    Our thanks go to the workers who supported the union.

The names of sports teams that do not end in "s" will take a plural verb: the Miami Heat have been looking … , The Connecticut Sun are hoping that new talent … . See the section on plurals for help with this problem.

11.Fractional expressions such as half of, a part of, a percentage of, a majority of are sometimes singular and sometimes plural, depending on the meaning. (The same is true, of course, when all, any, more, most and some act as subjects.) Sums and products of mathematical processes are expressed as singular and require singular verbs. The expression "more than one" (oddly enough) takes a singular verb: "More than one student has tried this."

    Some of the voters are still angry.

    A large percentage of the older population is voting against her.

    Two-fifths of the troops were lost in the battle.

    Two-fifths of the vineyard was destroyed by fire.

    Forty percent of the students are in favor of changing the policy.

    Forty percent of the student body is in favor of changing the policy.

    Two and two is four.

    Four times four divided by two is eight.

12.If your sentence compounds a positive and a negative subject and one is plural, the other singular, the verb should agree with the positive subject.

  The department members but not the chair have decided not to teach on Valentine's Day.

   It is not the faculty members but the president who decides this issue.

   It was the speaker, not his ideas, that has provoked the students to riot.

RULES

What Are the Rules?

1.   Subjects and verbs must agree in number. This is the cornerstone rule that forms the background of the concept.

    The dog growls when he is angry. The dogs growl when they are angry.

2.   Don’t get confused by the words that come between the subject and verb; they do not affect agreement.

    The dog, who is chewing on my jeans, is usually very good.

3.   Prepositional phrases between the subject and verb usually do not affect agreement.

    The colors of the rainbow are beautiful.

4.   When sentences start with “there” or “here,” the subject will always be placed after the verb, so care needs to be taken to identify it correctly.

    There is a problem with the balance sheet. Here are the papers you requested.

5.   Subjects don't always come before verbs in questions. Make sure you accurately identify the subject before deciding on the proper verb form to use.

    Does Lefty usually eat grass? Where are the pieces of this puzzle.

6.   If two subjects are joined by and, they typically require a plural verb form.

    The cow and the pig are jumping over the moon.

7.   The verb is singular if the two subjects separated by and refer to the same person or thing.

    Red beans and rice is my mom's favorite dish.

8.   If one of the words each, every, or no comes before the subject, the verb is singular.

    No smoking or drinking is allowed. Every man and woman is required to check in.

9.   If the subjects are both singular and are connected by the words or, nor, neither/nor, either/or, and not only/but also the verb is singular.

    Jessica or Christian is to blame for the accident.

10. The only time when the object of the preposition factors into the decision of plural or singular verb forms is when noun and pronoun subjects like some, half, none, more, all, etc. are followed by a prepositional phrase. In these sentences, the object of the preposition determines the form of the verb.

    All of the chicken is gone. All of the chickens are gone.

11. The singular verb form is usually used for units of measurement or time.

    Four quarts of oil was required to get the car running.

12. If the subjects are both plural and are connected by the words or, nor, neither/nor, either/or, and not only/but also, the verb is plural.

    Dogs and cats are both available at the pound.

13. If one subject is singular and one plural and the words are connected by the words or, nor, neither/nor, either/or, and not only/but also, you use the verb form of the subject that is nearest the verb.

    Either the bears or the lion has escaped from the zoo. Neither the lion nor the bears have escaped from the zoo.

14. Indefinite pronouns typically take singular verbs. *

    Everybody wants to be loved.

15. * Except for the pronouns (few, many, several, both, all, some) that always take the plural form.

    Few were left alive after the flood.

16. If two infinitives are separated by and they take the plural form of the verb.

    To walk and to chew gum require great skill.

17. When gerunds are used as the subject of a sentence, they take the singular verb form of the verb; but, when they are linked by and, they take the plural form.

    Standing in the water was a bad idea. Swimming in the ocean and playing drums are my hobbies.

18. Collective nouns like herd, senate, class, crowd, etc. usually take a singular verb form.

    The herd is stampeding.

19. Titles of books, movies, novels, etc. are treated as singular and take a singular verb.

    The Burbs is a movie starring Tom Hanks.

20. Final Rule – Remember, only the subject affects the verb!

Read more at http://grammar.yourdictionary.com/sentences/20-Rules-of-subject-verb-agreement.html#mWgHGzqWpVOym6Wq.99